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Grass tetany or hypomagnesemic tetany, also known as grass staggers and winter tetany, is a metabolic disease involving magnesium deficiency, which can occur in such ruminant livestock as beef cattle, dairy cattle and sheep,〔Mayland, H. F. 1988. Grass tetany. In: Church, D. C. (ed.). The ruminant animal: digestive physiology and nutrition. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. pp. 511-523.〕 usually after grazing on pastures of rapidly growing grass, especially in early spring. == Symptoms and Etiology == Progressive symptoms may include grazing away from the herd, irritability, muscle twitching, staring, incoordination, staggering, collapse, thrashing, head thrown back, and coma, followed by death. However, clinical signs are not always evident before the animal is found dead.〔Grass tetany. Kansas State Univ. Research and Extension, Forage Facts series. http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/forage/pubs/97notebook/fora15.pdf〕 The condition results from hypomagnesemia (low magnesium concentration in blood) which may reflect low magnesium intake, low magnesium absorption, unusually low retention of magnesium, or a combination of these. Commonly, apparent symptoms develop only when hypomagnesemia is accompanied by hypocalcemia (blood Ca below 8 mg/dL).〔 Low magnesium intake by grazing ruminants may occur especially with some grass species early in the growing season, due to seasonally low magnesium concentrations in forage dry matter.〔Rendig, V. V. and D. L. Grunes (eds.) 1979. Grass tetany. ASA Spec. Publ. 35, Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, Wisc. 175 pp.〕 Some conserved forages are also low in magnesium and may be conducive to hypomagnesemia.〔Mehren, M. Winter tetany and grass tetany http://www.oregonfeed.org/mehren_art_0205.htm〕 High potassium intake relative to calcium and magnesium intake may induce hypomagnesemia. A K/(Ca+Mg) charge ratio exceeding 2.2 in forages has been commonly considered a risk factor for grass tetany. Potassium fertilizer application to increase forage production may contribute to an increased K/(Ca+Mg) ratio in forage plants, not only by adding potassium to soil, but also by displacing soil-adsorbed calcium and magnesium by ion exchange, contributing to increased susceptibility of calcium and magnesium to leaching loss from the root zone during rainy seasons. In ruminants, high potassium intake results in decreased absorption of magnesium from the digestive tract.〔Wylie, M. J., J. P. Fontenot and L. W. Greene. 1985. Absorption of magnesium and other macrominerals in sheep infused with potassium in different parts of the digestive tract. J. Anim. Sci. 61: 1219–1229〕〔Schonewille, J. T., A. T. Van't Klooster, H. Wouterse and A. C. Beynen. 1999. Effects of intrinsic potassium in artificially dried grass and supplemental potassium bicarbonate on apparent magnesium absorption in dry cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 1824–1830.〕 Trans-aconitate, which accumulates in some grasses, can be a risk factor for hypomagnesemia in grazing ruminants. (Tetany has been induced in cattle by administration of trans-aconitate and KCl, where the amount of KCl used was, by itself, insufficient to induce tetany.〔Bohman, V. R., A. L. Lesperance, G. D. Harding and D. L. Grunes. 1969. Induction of experimental tetany in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 29: 99-102.〕) Relatively high levels of trans-aconitate have been found in several forage species on rangeland sites conducive to hypomagnesemia.〔Stout, P.R., J. Brownell and R. J. Burau. 1967. Occurrences of trans-aconitate in range forage species. Agron. J. 59: 21-24.〕 Although at least one rumen organism converts trans-aconitate to acetate,〔Cook, G. M., J. E. Wells and J. B. Russell 1994. Ability of Acidaminococcus fermentans to oxidize trans-aconitate and decrease the accumulation of tricarballylate, a toxic end product of ruminal fermentation. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 60: 2533–2537.〕 other rumen organisms convert trans-aconitate to tricarballylate, which complexes with magnesium.〔Russell, J. B. 1985. Enrichment and isolation of rumen bacteria that reduce trans-aconitic acid to tricarballylic acid. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 49: 120-126.〕 Using rats as an animal model, oral administration of tricarballylate has been shown to reduce an animal's magnesium retention.〔Schwartz, R., M. Topley and J. B. Russell. 1988. Effect of tricarballylic acid, a nonmetabolizable rumen fermentation product of trans-aconitic acid, on Mg, Ca and Zn utilization of rats. J. Nutr. 118: 183-188.〕 Potassium fertilizer application results in increased concentration of aconitic acid in some grass species.〔Grunes, D. L., J. W. Huang, F. W. Smith, P. K. Joo and D. A. Hewes. 1992. Potassium effects on minerals and organic acids in three cool-season grasses. J. Plant Nutr. 15: 1007–1025.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「grass tetany」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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